The History of Vending Machines

Vending or automatic retailing, as the process of selling merchandise via automated machine is increasingly known, has a long history. The first recorded example of the vending machine came from Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria, who  invented a device that dispensed  holy water inside Egyptian temples.   Other early examples included small brass machines that dispensed tobacco, found in  taverns in England around  1615.  In 1822, English  publisher and bookshop owner Richard Carlile built a newspaper dispensing machine  that allowed patrons to purchase banned works. The first fully automatic vending machine, which  dispensed  stamps, appeared in  1867. Coin-Operated Machines During the early 1880s, the first commercial coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London, England. The machines were commonly found at railway stations and  post offices because they were convenient for purchasing  envelopes,  postcards, and  notepaper. In 1887, the first vending machine servicer, the  Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Co., was founded.   The next year, the Thomas Adams Gum Co. introduced the first vending machines to the United States. They were installed on the elevated subway platforms in New York, New York, and sold Tutti-Fruiti gum. In 1897, the Pulver Manufacturing Co. added illustrated figures to its gum machines as an extra attraction. The round, candy-coated gumball and gumball vending machines were introduced in 1907. Coin-Operated Restaurants Soon, vending machines were offering almost everything, including cigars and stamps. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a completely coin-operated restaurant called Horn Hardart opened in 1902 and lasted until 1962. Such fast-food restaurants, called automats, originally took only nickels and were popular among struggling  songwriters and  actors as well as celebrities of the era. Beverages and Cigarettes Machines dispensing drinks go as far back as 1890. The first beverage vending machine was in Paris, France, and allowed people to buy beer, wine, and liquor. In the early 1920s, vending machines started dispensing  sodas  into cups. Today, beverages are among the most popular items sold through vending machines. In 1926, American inventor William Rowe invented the cigarette vending machine. Over time, however, they became less common in the United States due to concerns over underage buyers. In other countries, vendors required that some sort of age verification, such as a drivers license, bank card, or ID, be inserted before a purchase could be made. Cigarette dispensing machines are still common in  Germany, Austria, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Japan.   Specialty Machines Food, beverages, and cigarettes are the most common items sold in vending machines, but the list of specialty items sold by this form of automation is almost endless, as a quick survey of any airport or bus terminal will tell you. The industry took a big jump around 2006 when credit card scanners became common on vending machines. Within 10 years, almost every new machine was equipped to accept credit cards, opening the door to the sale of many high-priced items. Specialty products that have been offered via vending machine include: Fish baitOnline internet timeLottery ticketsBooksElectronics, including iPads,  cell phones, digital cameras, and computers  Hot foods, such as french fries and pizzaLife insuranceCondoms and other contraceptivesOver-the-counter drugsMarijuanaAutomobiles Yes, you read that last item correctly:  In late 2016, Autobahn Motors in Singapore opened a luxury car vending machine offering Ferraris  and  Lamborghinis. Buyers clearly needed hefty limits on their credit cards. The Land of Vending Machines Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.   The Future The latest trend is smart vending machines, which offer services such as cashless payments; face, eye, or fingerprint recognition;  and social media connectivity. It is likely that vending machines of the future will recognize you and tailor their offerings to your interests and tastes. A beverage vending machine, for example, might recognize what you have purchased at other machines and ask you if you want your usual skim latte with a double shot of vanilla.   Market research projects that by 2020, 20% of all vending machines will be smart machines, with at least 3.6 million units knowing who you are and what you like.

In Loco Parentis Was The Idea That A School Of Higher...

In loco parentis was the idea that a school of higher education has a legal responsibility to act as a parent for a student. As we trace back to history we can see how this concept was influential in developing the character of the students because it permitted universities the autonomy to do so. It imposed restrictive social rules on their students, restricting speech, socialization, and movements that hindered student’s character building. However, demographic characteristics and political movements have contributed to the development of the concept. Hence social movements during the 1960s were often the catalyst for change, therefore, students pushed for a more progressive outlook and began to question authority regarding the validity†¦show more content†¦Most importantly, Universities need to understand that their student body has changed and will continue to change, and they must be accepting of the different expectations of this changing population. Also, it is vital for student affairs professionals to be aware of the characteristic of the student body they are serving to provide them with the necessary environment to flourish academically. There are quite a few trends that will certainly impact the work of student affairs professionals. The changing demographic of students is one trend as well as globalization and technological influences. The changing demographic of students is inevitable, Generation Z, which are those born between the mid 1990s and 2012, are now coming to college. And the means that they possess different characteristics as compared to Millennials. One can undoubtedly argue that Generation Z grew up with technology, and for them, it is probably hard to go without their devices. And as a result, they bring unique expectations that universities will have to embrace to provide them with the necessary resources to flourish academically. Thus, it will also affect the curriculum of how courses are delivered or taught. Based on immigration trends, predictions indicate that there will be a significant growth of immigrant college students on college campuses (2-year and 4-year institutions) in the near futur e (Erisman Looney, 2007). Therefore, student affairs professionals will see a drastic shift inShow MoreRelatedRestricting Student s Autonomy Essay3309 Words   |  14 PagesIn Loco Parentis Restricting Student’s Autonomy The Latin phrase â€Å"in loco parentis,† directly translates to â€Å"in the place of a parent,† and refers to American universities controlling their students’ actions through discriminatory restraints (Lee 2011, 66). 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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Is Gawain and Epitome Free Essays

Every group has its idols, those people who serve as the epitome of the group’s values. Cowboys look up to Lane Frost, basketball players look up to Michael Jordan, and Arthurian knights look up to King Arthur. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, one of the greatest Arthurian romances written in England, Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes on a challenge to exchange â€Å"one strike for another† with the Green Knight (line 287). We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Is Gawain and Epitome? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite all of the bad experiences and temptations he fights along the way, after the battle with the Green Knight, Sir Gawain is definitely still admirable as the epitome of the Arthurian Knight as he wears a green girdle in remembrance of his mistakes(Sir Gawain). Gawain believes in a chivalric code, in which is very admirable. Gawain is a young knight who knows the chivalric code well, and knows that he is supposed to exhibit, as the Duke of Burgundy say’s â€Å"faith, charity, justice, sagacity, prudence, temperance, resolution, truth, liberality, diligence, hope, and valor†(Knight’s code of Chivalry). These can be summed up to the most admirable rules of the chivalric code: honor, loyalty and Christianity. Gawain is admirable for these qualities in which he possesses. He shows loyalty to both his earthly kings and heavenly king. The knights are â€Å"renowned after the name of Christ† and â€Å"their king [is] most high in pride (Sir Gawain, 52). He must honor his uncle, King Arthur, his host, and God, in everything he does. Gawain shows his loyalty towards King Arthur by taking the challenge made by the Green Knight. Gawain tells Author that he will take the battle because, â€Å"[he] [is] the weakest [†¦] and the least loss, if [he] live[s] not† (Sir Gawain, lines 354-55). He is so loyal toward the king that he is willing to sacrifice his own life for his uncle, because his uncle would be a much bigger loss. Gawain honors his uncle by not giving up; this would have disappointed his uncle tremendously because as a part of the chivalric code, it is a knight’s duty to be truthful. He shows loyalty to both his uncle and the Green Knight when he honors the Green Knights wish for him to meet him at the â€Å"Green Chapel† on New Year’s morning for â€Å"a nimble knock in return† (Sir Gawain,lines451-453). Gawain’s loyalty to King Arthur also extends to his behavior toward his host. Everyday Gawain is to exchange with the host whatever he received from that day. When Gawain tells the host, â€Å"while I remain in your mansion, your command I will obey,† he shows extreme honor towards the host (Sir Gawain, line 1093). Along with his loyalty to his host and earthly lord, he puts his faith in God as he prays to the Virgin Mary. â€Å"When Gawain sets out on his journey to find the Green Chapel, he finds himself lost, and only after praying to the Virgin Mary does he find his way† (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). By praying during hard times such as when he needed lodging, and when â€Å"†¦he doffed his helm, and with honor he thanked Jesus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  for giving him lodging, he shows his honor and faithfulness to God (Sir Gawain, line 773). Every choice Gawain makes exemplifies his effort in staying true to the code of chivalry. Gawain is admirable for never giving up. He succeeds at passing the trials that test his devotion and faith in Christianity. One critic of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight characterizes nature as â€Å"rough and indifferent† and states that, nature invades and disrupts order in the major events of the narrative† (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). This nature includes both the nature such as wildlife and nature such as Mother Nature. Along the way to his appointment with the Green knight, Gawain encountered many harsh occasions where he could have just given up. He faces harsh conditions such as, wars with worms, wolves, wood- trolls, bulls, bears, boars, and ogres (Sir Gawain, lines 720-23). It later goes on to mention that â€Å"death had met often† (Sir Gawain, line 725). Things will get a lot worse before they get better for Gawain, in this situation. Gawain is in a constant battle, but he refuses to give in, knowing that even after all of these cruel catastrophes, he still has to meet with the Green Knight. This is extreme loyalty, for him to keep going without lodging, all by himself, and in the cold weather (Sir Gawain, lines 712-735). Nature! (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). In this case Mother Nature causes the problems that Gawain must face. Even after all of the mishaps invented by nature along the way, Gawain still must take on more mishaps as he is overcome by Bertilak’s wife and her seductiveness. It is only nature for a guy, especially a single guy, to lust for a seductive woman when she is constantly â€Å"tempting him often, so as to allure him to love-making. † (Sir Gawain, lines 1550-51). Each day when the host’s wife comes in his bed room and kisses him, Gawain remains loyal to the host by giving him the kisses in return for what the host had killed that day (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). By pushing through the nature, bad weather, lonely trip, and temptations of the host’s wife, Gawain is admirable for never giving up as well as remaining loyal to his host. Gawain’s response to all of the mishaps along the way to meet the Green Knight and when he does meet with him is incredibly admirable. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain struggle’s â€Å"to meet the appointment and his adventures along the way demonstrate [his] spirit of chivalry and loyalty. † (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). Consequently, he fails this test of loyalty, honesty, Christianity, and chivalry as a whole, when he takes the girdle and doesn’t give it to the host. He â€Å"values survival over virtue† (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). The knight tells Gawain, â€Å"As a pearl than white pease is prized more highly, / so is Gawain, in good faith, than other gallant knights,/ but in this you lacked, sir, a little, and of loyalty came short†(Sir Gawain lines 2365-67). Gawain has made this long trip to meet the Green Knight, been through many near death experiences, has been kissing his host’s wife, and when he is offered a girdle that will prevent him from being killed, nature kicks in again; this time causing him to fail the test of his loyalty to his host or Green Knight. He takes the girdle like any man would do and does not give it to the host. By doing this he values survival over being an honest and loyal knight. He is also placing his faith in a girdle â€Å"instead of praying to Mary†. (â€Å"Sir Gawain†) As a critic says, â€Å"he employs reason to do something less than courageous—evade death in a dishonest way. † (â€Å"Sir Gawain†) Not only is Gawain failing at being honest, but also at being loyal to both the Green Knight and King Arthur. As a knight, cheating and lying are not acceptable, â€Å"but because [he] loved [his] own life: the less [the Green Knight] blame[d] [him]. (Sir Gawain lines, 2369) As the Green Knight explains to Gawain how everything he had encountered since he had stayed in Bertilak was a test, Gawain adds humility to the chivalric code. He confesses to the knight and returns to him, his wife’s’ girdle. As Kevin Gustavon says, â€Å"Like the Green Knight’s accus ation, Gawain’s subsequent confession draws on penitential language way that rede? nes chivalric masculinity, so that it includes imperfection and fear, as well as a sense of humility that arises from recognition of one’s own weakness rather than from mere politeness. (Gustavon, 628) The Knight forgives Gawain by saying, â€Å"Thou hast confessed thee so clean and acknowledged thine errors, / [†¦] and I give thee, sir, the girdle with gold at its hems/†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢twill be a plain reminder of the chance of the Green Chapel between chivalrous knights. †(Sir Gawain, lines 2394-2400) By confessing, Gawain recognized his weakness and tried to make it right; this helps to exemplify Gawain’s honesty, and adds humility to the chivalric code. Gawain says of the girdle, â€Å"but as a token of my trespass I shall turn to it often†¦ruefully recalling the failure and the frailty of the flesh so perverse. (Sir Gawain lines, 2434-2436) Gawain chooses to w ear the girdle in remembrance of his sins, making him even more admirable for his simplicity, at no point does he try to deny or overlook his mistake; he is very straightforward once the Green Knight tells him of the tests. Gawain is admirable not only to the reader of this story, but also to his brotherhood and everyone at the round table. (Sir Gawain, lines 2517-2518) The people of the round table can now honor Gawain as a knight who has risen to be just as big of an influence as King Arthur. When Gawain returns home to King Arthur, they all decide to wear green girdles like Gawain. Even though Gawain fails, his family, brotherhood, and the ladies of the Round Table still look upon Gawain as the ideal knight. They respect him and honor him, â€Å"and this for love of that knight as a livery [they] wear [a green girdle]:† (Sir Gawain, line 2520). For Gawain to confess and want to wear the girdle for his â€Å"grief and disgrace†, he has made himself an admirable epitome, so that others honor him (â€Å"Sir Gawain†). †¦ Every knight of Brotherhood a baldric should have, / a band of bright green obliquely about him:† (Sir Gawain, lines 2518-2519). After the all of the hardships and meeting with the Green Knight, Sir Gawain is seen as equal to King Arthur by the round table. Gawain is still admirable for: the code he believes in, the code he follows, his ability to never give up on his code, and the way he responds to all of his misfortunes. Bu t, he is admired even more for learning humility. Cowboys continue to look up to Lane Frost even though he might not have always rode 8 seconds, and basketball players look up to Michael Jordan regardless of how many missed shots he had, because each bull ride or basketball game taught them something. Arthurian knights see King Arthur and Sir Gawain as admirable epitomes for the humility that Gawain has learned to carry with him. Works Cited Baswell, Christopher and Schotter, Anne. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. Master of British Literature. Vol. A. Eds. David Damrosch and Kevin J. H. Dettmar. New York: Longman- Pearson, 2008. 144-202. Print. Gustavon, Kevin. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. A companion to medieval English Literature and Culture 1350-1500 . Eds. Peter Brown. (2007): 628. Web. 10 October 2012. http://www. scribd. com/doc/47311463/29/Sir-Gawain-and-the-Green-Knight â€Å"Knights code of Chivalry. † middle-ages. n. p. n. d. Web. 9 October 2012. http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/747/08/. â€Å"Sir Gawain. † Arthurian Adventure. n. p. 2004. Web. 9 October 2012. http://arthurianadventure. com/sir_gawain. htm. How to cite Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Is Gawain and Epitome?, Essay examples

Teacher That Changed My Life free essay sample

Cue I sit now quietly In front of a grand piano In my cousins living room. My cousin, Lana, is speaking to me- she had me over for lunch to discuss the family- yet I am distracted by the large instrument that takes up almost half the room. I can only assume the baby grand was once a shiny black, though because its keys have been played numerous times, its color is noticeably faded. My mother floats through my mind. Anastasia! my cousin stops her rambling and finally notices that I have not been paying attention to a single word.I am suddenly attentive, my eyes refocused on Lana. Have you even spoken to your parents, lately? , Lana asks. It has been a while since I had spoken to them. My parents are still in Moldavia, running the family fish business. A year and a half ago they had sent me to America to study, while they stayed behind and tended to business. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher That Changed My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a young girl of only 19, such a change was overwhelming at times. I came with nothing more than a suitcase, a dream and my education; and as I would find out soon, it was my education that would serve me best.Growing up, my parents had always emphasized the importance of two things in life- education and discipline. My father was an accomplished business man- managing many other peoples businesses In his lifetime, until finally starting the fishing company that my parents still run today. He had studied numerous subjects. Including economics and finance, and always taught me that theory is nothing without application. The success of his businesses are certainly due to a combination of both. My mother, while also part of the family business, held the main roles of care- Akers and educator.My mother never went to university, because it was uncustomary for women in the sass to study in Moldavia. She did, however, study and play the piano throughout her entire life. As such, I was always surrounded by music as a child. And still today nothing gives me a greater thrill than to listen to the great Plano sonatas of composers past- Beethoven, Bach, Mozart. 1 OFF started long before I entered kindergarten. My mother, taught me everything that she knew about playing the piano and simultaneously, she taught me everything that he knew about life.I can think of no greater influence on my life and its course than my mothermy piano teacher for 14 years. Back in Lanais living room- in America- we discuss family finances and the payment of university tuition fees. We discuss the difficulties of moving to a new country with very little. We discuss the nights we wished we were back home, but mostly the days that had made it all worth leaving. Lana goes to the kitchen for some more tea, and I am drawn to the piano. I sit longingly with the white and black keys lust under my fingertips.One two three, one two three, one two three I speak the metronome in my mind as I play a most familiar melody- Moonlight Sonata by Ethiopia. I am suddenly brought back to our small den in Moldavia. Every night my mother would play this song to me in hopes that it would stick in my ear. She once said, all things are connected- you need the same skills to succeed in life as you do in music. Now that I am older I understand what she meant, and there have been few words that have had more impact. And few people that have influenced me more than my piano teacher, my mother.After a year and a half of living in America, I interpret what she has taught me and how it affects all aspects of my life. Practice and Discipline. Hard work, structure, sacrifice- All of these are required to learn a piece, acquire the notes necessary to play a piece, and similarly, to succeed in life in America. These are the building blocks of any skill. Next comes rhythm. Nothing can be rushed. Like the pulse of a metronome, all must be in good time. And finally, emotion. As my piano teacher emphasized, nothing is more important than playing with emotion, and with passion.For even if you know how to play all the right notes, no one will be listening if you do not play from the heart. It is armed with this knowledge, this education, that I came to the United States to pursue an education, and hopefully one day, my own business. I hold strong to the lessons that my mother taught me those many nights by the piano, for these have served me well until now and will certainly continue to do so. I play the last few notes of moonlight sonata, and lift my fingers from the keys. More tea?